A
Master's
degree in the United States are typically designed to be completed in
two years of full-time study, and some universities and colleges allow ambitious students to
complete them in less time. The term "master's degree" includes a
variety of awards of varying content, length, and purpose. These
include:
- Master's degrees
awarded as advanced research degrees in academic or professional
fields of study;
- Master's degrees
awarded as basic professional qualifications; and
- Master's degrees
awarded as terminal degrees.
In many professional
fields it is possible for the student to enroll in either a research
master's degree program, a course work master's degree program, or a
professional master's degree program, depending upon his or her
educational goals.
Degree Statistics
According to
the most recent U.S. Department of Education data,
between academic years 2003–04 and 2013–14, the total number of
postsecondary degrees awarded increased at all degree levels:
certificates by 41 percent (from 688,000 to 969,000), associate's degrees by 51 percent (from 665,000 to 1.0 million),
bachelor's degrees by 34 percent (from 1.4 million to 1.9 million),
master's degrees by 34 percent (from 564,000 to 754,000), and doctor's
degrees by 41 percent (from 126,000 to 178,000).
Research
Master's Degrees
Master's degrees are awarded in the academic disciplines and applied
research fields for study and research from 1 to 3 years beyond the
bachelor's degree or the first-professional degree. The length of the
program depends upon the requirements of the discipline and the
institutional faculty, which may include work in several fields related
to the subject being studied. Studies for research master's
degrees involve the completion and defense of an independent thesis, the
passing of comprehensive examinations set by the graduate faculty, and
occasionally the completion of special projects in addition to
participation in advanced seminars and courses. The research master's
degree is frequently on the road to the Ph.D.
Professional
Science
Master's (PSM) Degrees
The Professional Science Master's (PSM) is a new graduate degree
designed to allow students to pursue advanced training in science or
mathematics, while simultaneously developing workplace skills highly
valued by employers. PSM programs consist of two years of academic
training in an emerging or interdisciplinary area, along with a
professional component that may include internships and "cross-training"
in workplace skills, such as business, communications, and regulatory
affairs. These degrees have been developed in concert with employers and
are designed to dovetail into present and future professional career
opportunities.
Course
Work Master's Degree
Some institutions offer a course work master's degree in addition to or
instead of the research master's degree. The total credits are generally
the same but are all course work. This degree is often taken by persons
wanting deepen their knowledge in their field, but do not intend to
pursue research or the Ph.D. degree. It generally takes less time.
Professional
or Practice Oriented Master's Degrees
Master's degrees awarded for professional studies also generally do not
have an academic research component but are largely taught degrees.
However, they most usually include the addition of a supervised project
or report as part of the degree requirements. This degree is often a
terminal degree for the recipient.
Master's
Degree Titles
U.S. degree titles are not governed by national laws, so an institution
may exercise wide discretion in the nomenclature it uses for degrees.
Accrediting associations may exert some influence on degree titles, as
do the labor market and the professional academic community, but there
are still a wide variety of master's degree titles in use. The best way
to tell whether a master's degree represents research work or
professional studies is to either be familiar with the program of the
awarding institution or to examine the student's academic record to
determine what type of degree requirements were met.
Some of the more common master's degree titles are:
- Master of
Business Administration (M.B.A.) (nearly always a 2 year
professional degree in management);
- Master of
Education (M.Ed.) (awarded for both professional and research
studies in education subjects);
- Master of Public
Health (M.P.H.) (usually a 2-year professional degree);
- Master of Science
(M.S.) (awarded for both research and professional studies in a wide
variety of subjects);
- Master of Science
in Nursing (M.S.N.) (usually a professional degree but also awarded
for research); and
- Master of Social
Work (M.S.W.) (usually a 2-year professional degree).
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